Database normalization

Normalization split a large table into smaller tables and define relationships between them to increases the clarity in organizing data.

Some facts about database normalization

·         The words normalization and normal form refers to the structure of database.

·         Normalization was developed by IBM researcher E.F. Codd In the 1970s.

·         Normalization increases the clarity in organizing data in Database.

Normalization of a Database is achieved by following a set of rules called ‘forms’ in creating the database.

Database normalization rules

Database normalization process are divided into following normal form:

·         First Normal Form (1NF)

·         Second Normal Form (2NF)

·         Third Normal Form (3NF)

·         Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

·         Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

·         Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

First Normal Form (1NF)

Each column is unique in 1NF.

Example:

Sample Employee table, it displays employees are working with multiple departments.

Employee	Age	Department
Melvin	32	Marketing, Sales
Edward	45	Quality Assurance
Alex	36	Human Resource

Employee table following 1NF:

Employee	Age	Department
Melvin	32	Marketing
Melvin	32	Sales
Edward	45	Quality Assurance
Alex	36	Human Resource

Second Normal Form (2NF)

The entity should be considered already in 1NF and all attributes within the entity should depend solely on the unique identifier of the entity.

Example:

Sample Products table:

productID	product	Brand
1	Monitor	Apple
2	Monitor	Samsung
3	Scanner	HP
4	Head phone	JBL

Product table following 2NF:
Products Category table:

productID	product
1	Monitor
2	Scanner
3	Head phone

Brand table:

brandID	brand
1	Apple
2	Samsung
3	HP
4	JBL

Products Brand table:

pbID	productID	brandID
1	1	1
2	1	2
3	2	3
4	3	4

Third Normal Form (3NF)

The entity should be considered already in 2NF and no column entry should be dependent on any other entry (value) other than the key for the table.

If such an entity exists, move it outside into a new table.

3NF is achieved are considered as the database is normalized.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

3NF and all tables in the database should be only one primary key.

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Tables cannot have multi-valued dependencies on a Primary Key.

Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

Composite key shouldn’t have any cyclic dependencies.

Well this is a highly simplified explanation for Database Normalization. One can study this process extensively though. After working with databases for some time you’ll automatically create Normalized databases. As, it’s logical and practical.